Sociology Investigation free essay sample

With the utilization of undercover member perception and investigation of optional information, I will break down and examination the inquiry â€Å"Why improve at school than young men? † I will arrive at a resolution on whether this inquiry is right and in the event that it is valid or not, at that point clarifying the reasons why they improve or why they don't. Speculation †We accept that young ladies improve in school and this is on the grounds that most young ladies can perform multiple tasks and consider their future substantially more than young men who are attempting to â€Å"live in the moment†. Young men are additionally associated into being savage and being marginally insubordinate so won't gather enough in exercises. Young ladies are anyway associated to be decent and find a decent line of work to support the family and furthermore to be reasonable so they can bring up kids. At last I feel young ladies for the most part can be occupied one day for some reasons yet stay silent and everybody knows not to irritate them, yet then again young men on the off chance that they get diverted will in general upset everybody around them. We will compose a custom article test on Human science Investigation or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For what reason show improvement over Examination Discussion of Secondary Data †In some exploration it features how young men by the age of eight are intended to have received these young men by the age of eight are intended to have embraced these observations and that from that age the recognitions and that from that age the hole between insight is obvious. They saw that young men could become results of unavoidable outcome. The examination likewise shows that young men linger behind young ladies in about all subjects at A-level and GCSE. Young ladies from gathering to year 5 said that young ladies were cleverer, performed better and increasingly engaged and deferential. Young men in gathering, yr1 and yr2 had an equivalent part among young men and young ladies and in yr3 they all said young ladies were better appearing as they get more seasoned the hole is greater and increasingly obvious to see. Grown-ups that likewise accept young ladies improve the examination appeared. In a different examination two gatherings we held both loaded with young men, the first was informed that young ladies performed better than young ladies and the second were definitely not. The main gathering performed fundamentally more regrettable than the second. This could show how their terrible showing could be a result of low desires for educators. Details †25. 5% of sections by young ladies were An/A* contrasted and 19. 5% for young men. The hole limits at A-level, with 27. 6% of passages which are young ladies were granted An/A* contrasted and 26. 1%. Technique †I am going to utilize incognito member perception to examine my speculation. This will include viewing an exercise and recording notes on how conduct and consideration vary among young men and young ladies. I will ensure that nobody knows I’m doing this so they don’t change their conduct to make them look better or modify what they would do in light of the fact that they realize they are being viewed. It essential to control these to make exact outcomes are noted down. I will at that point record my outcomes in a need and structure passage utilizing subjective examination. I am additionally going to do a review soliciting an equivalent sum from young men and young ladies from a scope of years inquiring as to whether they figure young men or young ladies improve in school. This will be a great idea to do as an examination could be made between my outcomes and auxiliary information. The aces of this technique are that we can without much of a stretch contrast auxiliary information and furthermore and the review being quantitative we can make a chart and with the subjective information we can make an understood and point by point end. The cons are when asking the study it might be difficult to hear genuine thoughts as young men may state young men improve in school in view of their â€Å"honor† however they accept young ladies improve. Moral issues †Some issues I may look with this examination is the utilization of incognito member perception since certain individuals may feel they are being engaged with something they don’t need to be associated with and that we are going despite their good faith as we have not requested that they be included. They may not feel good with being included and we need to consider and regard that. At last in the event that we are watching educator they may not feel that it proper for us to watch them and make notes as they are our older folks and they may accept we are making a decision about them. Pilot Study †I made my first pilot concentrate in the primary exercise of arranging. Something I saw were that the gathering behind us of all young ladies was arranging and psyche mapping thoughts regarding how they could approach their examination and began composing the standards. Anyway the gathering of young men at the back we getting occupied said they would do it after the occasion and were plainly exhausted so attempted to rehearse the secretive member perception strategy however were snickering and not doing it appropriately by as they were giggling and we realized they were watching us In turn naturally changing our conduct towards them. Assessment of pilot study †From the pilot study we see that our theory was right and young ladies are increasingly engaged which perhaps a motivation behind why they have been appeared to improve in school than young men. The investigation additionally featured how in the event that you are discovered utilizing undercover member perception, at that point individuals will change their conduct diverting them too from their work likewise affirming my thoughts regarding how young men occupy everybody around them when they are exhausted. Introduction of results †Notes: * Girls appeared to settle in much speedier than young men. * More young men got a greater number of punishments than young ladies * Boys requesting pens and gear Couples of young men and young ladies work better than two young men sitting together * Young men seen to divert many individuals around at that point and the entire class are upset and the educator needed to stop * Boys are consistently the once offering clever remarks and attempting to be the jokers * Some young men got an awful outcome toward the finish of term test they appear to simply approve of it and even use it as something to chuckle about, likewise a few young ladies do that and on one hand they may have battled and afterward they find support however on the other they do some of the time blame it perhaps in light of the fact that they didn’t overhaul or pack in exercises Conclusion and conversation of results †My outcomes unequivocally work together my speculation as they show that boys’ conduct is a ton more regrettable than those of young ladies and this I feel is legitimately identified with the lower reviews on normal that young ladies get. My outcomes likewise show how young men have been associated into being the class comedians and that to be mainstream they need to offer impolite or irritating remarks that individuals giggle at. This features the thought regarding a few young men simply pondering the current time and not there future, while then again young ladies are considering their future. All in all my outcomes collaborated with my speculation and from the outcomes I got I feel young ladies are progressively engaged and doing this examination freed my eyes up to this reality and how young men do appear to be much less irritated and this thus influences their school as far as evaluations and results they get toward the finish of their tutoring lives. Assessment of technique †I utilized clandestine member perception to accumulate subjective data, this gave me nitty gritty outcomes that an organized end would be produced using. There were no issues with the utilization of the clandestine member perception strategy and toward the end I likewise addressed a few people and revealed to them they had been recorded, they appeared to be fine about it however I was tired that a few people may have not enjoyed being viewed and that is reasonable so I was cautious. The utilization of the review permitted me to look at information that was assembled in research and the outcomes we discovered. Albeit next time I believe I could have solicited a more extensive territory from individuals and furthermore a more extensive scope of ages since understudies can regularly deceive cause their sex or the other gender to appear to be better and have predispositions due to some explanation.

The Gravedigger's Daughter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Gravedigger's Daughter - Essay Example That was a bleak test to the previous secondary teacher, to help the caskets to take a peaceful rest. However, for the challenging little girl Rebecca, it was not the stopping point, yet the start of the endeavors to scale new statures throughout everyday life, under the most difficult conditions the young lady of her age could consider. Indeed, even while managing the hills of earth, her dad had not lost the scholarly fire of the educating brotherhood. However, essentially he was coldblooded, discovering it incredibly hard to adapt up to the foreordained conditions. He advised his little girl about which Joyce Carol Oates composes, (2007, p.186)You-you are brought into the world here. They won't hurt you. She was the main individual from the family conceived in America and in this way, the legitimate resident of the nation. She demonstrated deserving of her ardent want to be a piece of the American triumph. Abandoning the dismal circumstance of the family, she lived in its prelimina ries, tribulations, obligation and magnificence to deal with her life. In each phase of life, at unfailingly, she confronted challenges/disasters that would break any person. The way she decided to step was not the ruddy one; it was genuinely captivating and mentally provocative. It was an interesting reflection of mankind, and a person, who was stranded as a young person, testing to cross the sea through a rudderless vessel! Her past was her most prominent risk to address the difficulties of things to come. However, she had no forces to fix it, yet she was absolutely not slanted to convey the apparitions, neither needed cultural pity nor the judgment! Her past frequented her like the dim phantom. As she achieved the status of a wedded lady and parenthood, memory of her father’s prophetic words kept on thumping at the entries of her psyche. â€Å"In creature life the feeble are immediately discarded. So you should shroud your shortcoming, Rebecca.(p.113) Childhood maltreatme nt on advancement of woman’s character are extraordinary, and that injury might be conceivable to stow away, yet it will never recuperate. The shadows of the past will follow such an individual and part of one’s memory zone will hold them for all time. A progression of difficulties had immersed her lifeâ€the most youthful offspring of a devastated German Jewish worker family, - cranky, imbalanced, fierce dad, mother experiencing mental clutters, two unfeeling more established siblings who indicated insensitive dismissal for her prosperity lastly witness the homicide of her mom and self destruction of her dad. Brutality and liquor addiction were the other negative attributes of the family that Rebecca needed to endure. - with the aggregate impact of all these ‘calamities’ any one would turn negative and imagine that the entire world is ignoble!â€but not Rebecca! She attempts to locate her slippery harmony, and reevaluate her personality with her absol ute pledge to her child’s prosperity. She needs to keep the dim recollections of her previous an all around watched mystery. The finish of one wretchedness prompts another catastrophe and she truly hops from the griddle to the fire itself. Nature discharges her sufferings in portions and her cup of distress is ever overflowing with no interval. In the wake of getting away nearly being executed by her dad, she weds a lager sales rep, Niles Tignor, who additionally ends up being truly damaging. He almost pounds the life out of her; she escapes with her child Zacharias. She discovers support with an elderly person Chet Gallagher, who perceives her son’s inert melodic virtuoso. Be that as it may, the first inquiry of her life, remains the first questionâ€how to accommodate with the past, and whether compromise

Psychology, Theology, and Sprituality in Christian Counseling Essay Example for Free

Brain research, Theology, and Sprituality in Christian Counseling Essay In his calculated book, Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling (1996), McMinn presents a persuading introduction regarding a performing multiple tasks advocate who has built up a specialty in the directing scene. New age Christian advocates have created concurrent aptitudes that set out on the territories of brain science, religious philosophy, and otherworldliness. This starts our excursion down the way of seeing how esteems and points of view can be changed because of a balanced, performing various tasks Christian guide. With life outlines and brief advising situations all through this book, McMinn (1996) gives the peruser an astounding working model of recognizing and relating educational encounters to Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality. The restriction of current brain research and philosophy rehearses is conveying distinctive contemporary messages concerning psychological well-being. Therapist Albert Ellis composed, â€Å"The sincerely solid individual ought to principally be consistent with himself and not masochistically penance himself for others.† Versus Christian otherworldliness that distinguishes and states in sacred text that as people we are told to pay special mind to the enthusiasm of others (Phil. 2:4) and to incline toward each other in respect (Rom 12:10) (McMinn, 1996). As McMinn works through the ideas of coordinating these three unmistakable orders, Christian directing turns out to be progressively perplexing and multifaceted. Christian advocates set their eyes upon God with an individual’s otherworldly development and emotional wellness in their psyche. Notwithstanding putting the bits of a battered emotional well-being condition center to the cutting edge, their client’s endlessness of life and information on God is a significant bit of the riddle. A progressively itemized point of view of mental and profound wellbeing, permits each person to perceive their duty to God, to their loved ones and to themselves. As people, we should comprehend and have a solid familiarity with brokenness to permit ourselves to encounter elegance and expectation amidst our stroll on this planet through life’s hardships with Jesus Christ. Coordinating brain science, philosophy, and otherworldliness notwithstanding the specialty of performing various tasks, every one of the three teaches as one requires some serious energy, vitality, devotion, and commitment of the directing calling. In the last 66% of this book, McMinn utilizes petition, sacred text, sin, admission, absolution, and reclamation to show us a brief look at the directing scene. The issue with transgression is that it isolates us from God; the marvel of reclamation is that people are carried once more into relationship with God. (McMinn, 1996, p. 265). A redemptive Christian instructor has modesty and sympathy and encounters God’s elegance with appreciation. Sacred text yanks individuals out of the grasps of wrongdoing as a redemptive God radiates through. The individuals who deny sin see no requirement for otherworldly reclamation. Admission, permits us to recognize our wrongdoing and our urgent requirement for help and through the beauty of God we get absolution and experience recovery. When our expressions of love go to God, our petition will never be the equivalent. Our lives will be finished changed and everlasting. â€Å"Bless the Lord, O my Soul, and remember every one of his advantages who excuses all your injustice, who mends every one of your infections, who recovers your life from the pit, who crowns you with relentless love and leniency, who fulfills you with great as long as you live so your childhood is restored like the eagle’s†(Ps. 103:2-5). Reaction Come to me, all you who are tired and troubled, and I will give you rest. Take my burden upon you and gain from me, for I am delicate and humble in heart, and you will discover rest for your spirits. For my burden is simple and my weight is light.† As I had battled all through my riotous youth managing the nearness of liquor, medications, battling, and unsure day to day environments in my hover of life, I built up the capacity to perceive which individuals were directly for me in my life. My impression of family was slanted. At 7 years old, I lost my granddad and life’s misfortunes of my defenders proceeded until 2004 with the demise of my first spouse Dale. My life was finished. My family was a wreck. I had quite recently begun another congregation and I wasn’t sure where God was a major part of my life. My dad in law, who lectured my husband’s burial service, began giving Christian direction and backing as a lay instructor. We asked and shared sacred text together. At 33 years old, I took in the genuine significance of supplication. I realized how to ask and I realized how lowered I had been in my petitions for Dale. In the generosity of his God filled heart, he instructed me that lowliness permits us to see God’s word. As I study and read my Bible, I keep on learning the significance of a Christian family for help and direction and the need to share the account of Jesus Christ. My dad in law ventured out in confidence to help turn my life around. Through his dutifulness, I work to help other people who are harming discover the intensity of petition and sacred text in their seasons of anguish. Reflection As I read through Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling (McMinn, 1996), a highlighter was utilized to stamp unique entries I expected to keep in the front line of this class. There are such a significant number of key notes to recall in the content, the book was turning a decent shade of yellow. Any individual who is beginning in the advising field ought to be required to peruse this book. McMinn works admirably of telling the peruser the best way to coordinate our Christian confidence and otherworldliness into the common world with genuine reflections. Christian instructors need to follow the desire of God and McMinn gives the models, direction, and methods on the best way to fuse God into the advising meeting. The significant downside with this work concerns the end. All through the perusing, it is obvious McMinn is setting up the instructor to get familiar with the aptitude of performing various tasks. In two pages, McMinn sums up the entire book. The most significant piece of coordinating the three assorted zones of studies is significant enough for him to give a more prominent degree of detail to the new instructor concerning the foundation of performing multiple tasks. Achievement lies in the procedure that is utilized in performing various tasks these three unmistakable practices and convictions. In managing the mainstream world, this expertise is a need to unite each of the three orders. Activity I am sending you out like sheep among wolves. In this way be as wise as snakes and as blameless as pigeons. â€Å"Be alert against men; they will hand you over to the nearby chambers and beat you in their gathering places. For me you will be brought before governors and lords as observers to them and to the Gentiles. Be that as it may, when they capture you, don't stress over what to state or how to state it. Around then you will be offered what to state; for it won't be you talking, yet the Spirit of your Father talking through you. (Matthew 10:16-20). God has given me back ten times since the loss of my first spouse. I have built up myself as a supplicating respiratory advisor at UVA. As Jesus calls me into the guiding field, he is setting me up for the common world. In my condition, individuals are at the bottommost extremes of their lives. I use Gods approaching my heart and soul to connect in Christian love to these people and families. God places ministers, judges, proficient ball players, the rich, the destitute, the treatable, the withering, in my way for an explanation and a reason. Life is straightforward when you are submissive. Go where God calls you. The individuals I come into contact with are not unintentionally. I priest to their souls through their disease and period of scarcity. I appeal to God for God to invigorate me the and the correct expressions of his will to convey to the wiped out and their families. I petition God for every person that crosses my way to discover the affection for Jesus Christ and meet him in paradise to consume an everlasting time on earth with our dad.

New Article Reveals the Low Down on California Bar Essay Samples and Why You Must Take Action Today

New Article Reveals the Low Down on California Bar Essay Samples and Why You Must Take Action Today Vital Pieces of California Bar Essay Samples To be clear, however, it's not a matter of merely understanding how to IRAC but more of understanding how to IRAC for this subject. It would be a mistake to assume you do not really must study the California evidence distinctions. The examiner would like you to experience different exceptions in an easy and organized way. The bar examiners are not searching for your capacity to regurgitate rule statements. Try our hiset essay practice question to get ready for this part of the writing test. Reviewing some narrative essay examples can enable you to organize your information and help you decide how to compose each paragraph to acquire the best outcomes. All this is likely to make memorization easier. Be acquainted with the terminology used. Make certain to read your essay and make certain it is logical. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. How long is a brief essay. High school essays are structured very similarly no matter the topic and decent essay structure will allow you to write an obvious essay that flows from 1 paragraph to the next. Funny essays on exams ought to be abolished. It's possible for you to discover narrative essay examples wherever you locate a great story. High school essay examples incorporate a selection of short essays like narrative, persuasive and analytical. Make certain to include transitions from 1 paragraph to the next. The Battle Over California Bar Essay Samples and How to Win It Prepare and practice writing an excellent essay necessitates synthesis of material that can't be carried out in the 20 30 minutes you've got during the exam. Frequently a sample will be supplied. First and foremost it's essential to be sure you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. Bear in mind you won't be called upon in order to compose a Torts outline on the bar exam. Accordingly, by reading and studying past exams you will boost your probability of seeing something similar on the authentic bar exam. One of the greatest strategies to get ready for the exam is to truly understand the material. You need to reveal the exam grader that you're the kind of lawyer they would want to work with! It is crucial to know beforehand before you walk in the bar exam what your approach is going to be for each subject and topic. How to Get Started with California Bar Essay Samples? Let's have a peek at its advantages and disadvantages. When you're in high school, it's definite that you're predicted to do a few write-ups and projects which require pen and paper. There are particular common elements that signal the caliber and value of the essays. Writing a book report for children. California Bar Essay Samples for Dummies This isn't an excellent plan. When picking a high school essay format, step one is to recognize the sort of essay you will need to wri te. As a consequence, you get a terrific deal of free time and completed homework. Finally, it's your decision. California Bar Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Eventually, you'll need to complete 200 MBEs in 1 day. It's a fact that you are not going to have more than one hour on the exam day. Fully being a happy high school student wouldn't be possible without my loved ones. To begin with, do MBEs each day. You don't need to return to school to prepare for the GED test. Of course all subjects continue to be potential. Until then, students deserve to possess the exact free access to such exams as they did before the center of the present bar season. High school students must compose essays on a selection of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. What to Expect From California Bar Essay Samples? This essay is dealing with the many pros and cons of choosing an inexpensive essay services. Such last-minute searching never becomes futile, which causes unfinished essay assignments and ends in a poor grade. If you wish to get high high quality research and thesis papers punctually and for a sensible price, you should probably try out using EssaySupply.com. California Bar Essays The increasing number of essay writing services is totally overwhelming. Thus employing an expert for doing your essays could be the proper alternative. If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. There are numerous essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the legitimate collection of the very best. Get in touch with us and find the best academic essay writing service and get rid of all of the feasible mistakes!

Essay on Homelessness - 1896 Words

Homelessness After studying the topic Homelessness I have discovered that being homeless does not just mean you do not have a house to live in, it could mean that someone does not have a secure and well established home. Maybe that someone doesnt feel like they have a loving family and would be better off else. Before studying this topic I also did not realize some of the many reasons why people live on the streets. I always thought stereotypically that homeless people were either drug abusers or just didnt earn money so therefore couldnt afford a home. I discovered by studying this topic that it is†¦show more content†¦Not only would they almost be helpless to stop what was going on but who would they have to turn to? The loneliness these people must suffer from is probably the worst thing overall. Worse than being cold, and sat in the dark. If they were cold and sat in t he dark with someone to talk to they probably wouldnt even notice they were cold and in the dark. Imagining having nobody to talk to or turn to with problems is just unthinkable. During our Drama lessons we were told to go home and sit outside our houses on then concrete ground for up to half an hour. I attempted this for just 15 minutes before I gave up and went back inside. I had the choice to stay outside or go back inside into the warmth of my house. Homeless people dont have that choice. Their home is on the streets. Whilst sitting on the concrete ground I began to realise how unpleasant it must be to be sat on bitter concrete for hours on end. The numbness they must feel would be incredibly hard to handle. After just 15 minutes outside, in a thin coat also I was already frozen throughout my body. My fingers were numb and my teeth started to chatter. A night on the streets for me would be my worst nightmare. 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When thinking about homelessness what is the first image that appears in your head? Do you picture adults sleeping under bridges? Do you think of the people whose standing on side the bridge begging for money as the cars pass? Or do you think of the other people sitting in front of the s tore asking for money? Is that all you see when you imagine someone being homelessRead MoreHomelessness And Poverty And Homelessness1699 Words   |  7 PagesCenter on Homelessness and Poverty 7) While a portion of today’s society turns a blind eye to the subject of the criminalization of homelessness, an even larger quantity of people are not aware of the situation that is happening in every major city of America. For those living an affluent lifestyle, it can be difficult to discuss the amount of poverty and homelessness that is constantly occurring. The definition and meaning behind the absence of home is also arduous to discuss. 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Sadly, these individuals are everywhere and the amount of people under this title is slowly increasing. However, in this nation we have the ability to begin decreasing that number. By providing the necessary amount of assistance required to place these individualsRead MoreInvestigation On Homelessness And Homelessness1322 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigation on Homelessness 　 Keileigh Proudfoot 9th October 2016 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 Tutor: Mary Valerio Course: NC Social Care Level 5 Contents page Page 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Procedure Read MoreThe Homelessness Epidemic Of Homelessness1958 Words   |  8 Pages The Homelessness Epidemic According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, approximately 564,708 people were homeless on a single night in January of 2015 in the United States (â€Å"The State of Homelessness in 2016†). It is estimated that 250,000 people who suffer from Mental Health illnesses are homeless (Torrey). Providing affordable housing, and access to mental health services for the homeless population are essential components to end the homeless epidemic. Homelessness can be defined

We Must Stop Climate Change - 1441 Words

There are many efforts that the American people are putting forth to help the environment. One effort will not suffice. Not only must changes be made to individual lifestyles, which means people must pressure friends, family, and neighbors to make changes, but political pressure must also be included in those efforts, especially on the senators from the coal-producing Midwestern states. This will still not be enough, and Americans will need to boycott all companies that are not behind efforts to prevent climate change. Finally, all of this activity will have to be monitored, and Americans must take responsibility for the level of activity in their state, their city or town, and their neighborhood and block. All In: What Americans Can†¦show more content†¦Americans can take specific actions to make an impact in the struggle to prevent catastrophic climate change through man-made emissions. The political will appears to be lacking by members of Congress, which leaves Americans two choices. The first is to make change outside of the political system. The second is to create the will for change within Congress by creating pressure. Global Footprint The Lord placed Adam and Eve in the garden to tend and take care of its contents. As the sons of Adam and the daughters of Eve we must tend to the garden. Our world is precious and America has been put in a negative light. The Gospel has been taken out of our government and that is the last thing America needs. Congress has been swayed by monetary gains when they should be making steps to incorporate the gospel into the final choices. America s outsized footprint in global greenhouse gas emissions is undeniable. The United States is 4 percent of the global population but is responsible for 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions (Hinkle, n.d.). U.S. carbon dioxide emissions average out to 20 tons per person per year, which is six times that of the global average (Hinkle, n.d.). The size of that impact is a compelling reason for Americans to take action. Our individual

Eco Club free essay sample

Eco-school certification is the Green Flag, an internationally acknowledged symbol for environmental excellence. | |Eco-Schools is a programme of â€Å"Foundation for Environmental Education† (FEE), an international organization, which has member organizations in 61 countries, including UAE. In | |UAE, it is represented by EWS-WWF. | |About 60 schools across UAE have registered as Eco-Schools. On 20th May 2012, five schools viz. Raffles International, Greenwood International School, Dubai International | |Academy, Adhen Basic Cycle School for Girls, Ras Al Khaimah, Al Hala Basic Cycle School for Boys, Fujairah, received the Green Flag. |DPS Sharjah registered as the 30th member in November 2011. Various events have already been organized by WWF-EWS e. g. Turtle Competition, Earth Hour, Beati Watani Quiz, | | Migratory Birds day, Biodiversity day,World Action Day, in which students participated enthusiastically. All these form a part of Eco-Schools activities which we have | |successfully completed. Eco-School activities are not always meant for competition. It is through these participations we express our concern and care for mother Earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Eco Club or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | |Core themes on which the Eco Schools work are – Conservation of Energy and Water, recycling of Waste. |The school administration has taken up the matter seriously and is working towards it. Both Primary and Senior wing are working together for this Green cause. | |It takes minimum one year and maximum two years to achieve the Green Flag. | |Without the involvement of the Parents, Students, and the entire DPS fraternity, achieving Green Flag may remain a dream†¦But we will not rest!! | |I request each one of you to make yourself aware of what an Eco School is? What are the 7 steps? What are the major themes and how do we go about? An audit will happen soon and | |you will be given an online quiz which will be mandatory for all. Kindly prepare yourself for the same. | |Together we can! We have always proved. | |We have miles to go before we achieve this†¦ | |Vandana Marwaha | |Principal | | | [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] â€Å"We will not wait for the change, we will be the change†

River Wood Plant Case Analysis Essay Example

River Wood Plant Case Analysis Essay This initiative will be piloted in the newly constructed River Wood plant. Issues and problems. This initiative presents numerous issues and problems. The following are issues for consideration for the new General Manager to consider: a. Organizational change; employees are often resistant to change. In this case the supervisory roles within this organization will be especially resistant to the loss of visibility between themselves and executive management. The installment of a General Manager who is responsible for all functions and personnel, subsequently removes direct links for some employees to the senior Vice President. B. Relocation of personnel; Those employees who will be required to move to other sites may present fight to movement as they may be well established at their current plant and in their personal/family location and routines, as such NY relocation may upset this balance and in turn negatively impact on work output by some employees. C. Pickling and education of employees; All the employees will require pickling on the new assets and operating procedures of the updated production line. We will write a custom essay sample on River Wood Plant Case Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on River Wood Plant Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on River Wood Plant Case Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The period of time will take to implement and remedy bugs will effect productivity. D. Impact on current operations; the major changes planned for the new River Wood plant will impact on productivity and burden other plants to make up the short comings whilst the initiative is being implemented and obstacles are emptied. These impacts will cause angst the stakeholders as production and potentially reputation is effected, until results are achieved. E. Management setup and changes to roles and responsibility including leadership styles. Options. There are numerous options for the new General Manager responsible for the successful outcome of the initiative. Relevance to highlight changes being implemented are consistent with key organizational outcomes, especially changes to the organization and management setup. In addition to highlighting the relevance of changes, the General Manager has the option of legitimizing the changes as the firms top management believing the success of the initiative will benefit the long-term viability of the organization (2011 , Cameron and Wheaton). Bringing legitimacy to employees for the requirement of potential relocation. The General Manager has the option Of legitimizing the necessity and opportunities Of undertaking training on new equipment such as certificate qualifications and transferable skills. The General Manager must be an expert in manufacturing operations, and have personal power to influence change and a sense of purpose within the firm. Further the General Manager must demonstrate a high input of effort to set the standard for their employees to model off. Plantation. This should begin prior to the new plant being built. This will afford the General Manager to establish relationships, build their expertise on manufacturing operations, grasp the organizations culture and clearly ascertain the objectives of this initiative both operational and strategic in order to legitimate the initiative to the stakeholders and employees. The General Manager should be involved in selecting employees for the new plant and openi ng opportunities to other plant staff to be part of the initiative. This can coincide with the necessary visit by the prospective General Manager to other plants to gain ideas of best practices in production operations. Recommendations. It is recommended the General Manager be selected with the following traits: a. Expertise to ensure best practices are established early, this affords the ability of early detection of any potential issues, further it affords the General Manger credibility amongst their employees, peers and supervisors. B. The General Manager must display high levels of effort to set the standards within the new plant. In turn this will push employees, be setting expectations, within the new River Wood plant to deliver anticipated outcomes. C. Be legitimate in their actions and decisions, subsequently this demonstrates to employees the General Managers actions and decisions are consistent with organizational values and goals. D. The General Manger must adopt a reasoning influence strategy as there is efficient time to establish relationships and requirements. This method of influence will also be valuable in maintaining ongoing relationships once the new plant becomes operational. Conclusion. The River Wood plant scenario presents many issues as high lighted above in addition to other ongoing issues. By adopting a reasoning influence strategy the General Manager will be in a strong position to overcome any obstacle faced, further the General Manager must demonstrate legitimacy, expertise, effort and relevance to complement their personal power to achieve the desired outcomes.

Biography of Zelda Fitzgerald, Jazz Age Icon and Author

Biography of Zelda Fitzgerald, Jazz Age Icon and Author Born Zelda Sayre, Zelda Fitzgerald (July 24, 1900  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ March 10, 1948) was an American writer and artist of the Jazz Age. Although she produced writing and art on her own, Zelda is best known in history and in popular culture for her marriage to F. Scott Fitzgerald and her tumultuous battle with mental illness. Fast Facts: Zelda Fitzgerald Known For:  Artist, author of Save Me The Waltz, and wife of author F. Scott FitzgeraldBorn:  July 24, 1900  in Montgomery, AlabamaDied:  March 10, 1948 in Asheville, North CarolinaSpouse:  F. Scott Fitzgerald (m. 1920-1940)Children:  Frances Scottie Fitzgerald Early Life The youngest of six children, Zelda was born to a prominent Southern family in Montgomery, Alabama. Her father, Anthony Sayre, was a powerful justice on the Alabama Supreme Court, but she was the darling of her mother, Minerva, who spoiled young Zelda. She was an athletic, artistic child, equally interested in her ballet lessons and in spending time outdoors. Although she was a clever student, Zelda was mostly uninterested in her studies by the time she reached high school. Beautiful, spirited, and rebellious, Zelda became the center of her young social circle. As a teenager, she already drank and smoked, and enjoyed causing minor scandals by doing things like dancing â€Å"flapper† style or swimming in a tight, flesh-toned bathing suit. Her brash, daring nature was even more shocking because women of her social status were expected to be genteel and quiet. Zelda and her friend, future Hollywood actress Tallulah Bankhead, were frequently the topic of gossip. As a girl or a teenager, Zelda began to keep diaries. These journals would later prove to be the earliest signs of her creative mind, containing much more than a rote record of her social activities. In fact, excerpts from her early journals would eventually appear in iconic works of American literature, thanks to her relationship with a soon-to-be legendary novelist: F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Fitzgeralds In the summer of 1918, Zelda first met the 22-year-old Scott when he was stationed on an Army base just outside of Montgomery. Their first meeting, at a country club dance, would later be the basis for the first meeting between Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby. Although she had several suitors at the time, Zelda quickly came to favor Scott, and they grew close over a shared worldview and their similarly creative personalities. Scott had big plans, and he shared them with Zelda, who became equal parts muse and kindred spirit. She inspired the character of Rosalind in This Side of Paradise, and the novel’s closing monologue is taken directly from her journals. Their romance was interrupted in October 1918, when he was reassigned to a base in Long Island, but the war soon ended and he returned to Alabama within a month. Scott and Zelda became deeply involved, and wrote to each other constantly after he moved to New York City in early 1919. They married in 1920, despite some objections from Zelda’s family and friends over his drink and his Episcopalian faith. That same year, This Side of Paradise was published, and the Fitzgeralds became notorious on the New York social scene, embodying the excesses and brilliance of the Jazz Age. In 1921, just before Scott’s second novel was finished, Zelda became pregnant. She gave birth to their daughter, Frances â€Å"Scottie† Fitzgerald in October 1921, but motherhood did not â€Å"tame† Zelda into a quiet domestic life. In 1922, she was pregnant again, but the pregnancy did not make it to term. Over the next couple of years, Zelda’s writing began to appear as well, mostly sharply-written short stories and magazine articles. Although she joked about her writing being â€Å"borrowed† for Scott’s novels, she did resent it too. After their co-written play The Vegetable flopped, the Fitzgeralds moved to Paris in 1924. Together in Paris The Fitzgeralds’ relationship was in a complicated state by the time they reached France. Scott was absorbed with his next novel, The Great Gatsby, and Zelda fell for a dashing young French pilot and demanded a divorce. Zelda’s demands were met with dismissal from Scott, who locked her in their house until the drama passed. In the months following, they returned mostly to normal, but in September, Zelda survived an overdose of sleeping pills; whether the overdose was intentional or not, the couple never said. Zelda was often ill around this time, and in late 1924, Zelda was unable to continue her traveling lifestyle and instead began painting. When she and Scott returned to Paris in the spring of 1925, they met Ernest Hemingway, who would become Scott’s great friend and rival. Although Zelda and Hemingway loathed each other from the start, Hemingway did introduce the couple to the rest of the Lost Generation expat community, such as Gertrude Stein. Increasing Instability Years passed, and Zelda’s instability grew – along with Scott’s. Their relationship turned volatile and more dramatic than ever, and both accused the other of affairs. Desperate for success of her own, Zelda took up the reins of her ballet studies again. She practiced intensely, sometimes for up to eight hours a day, and while she did have some talent, the physical demands (and the lack of support from Scott) proved too much for her. Even when she was offered a spot with an opera ballet company in Italy, she had to decline. Zelda was admitted to a French sanatorium in 1930 and bounced between clinics for physical and psychological treatments for around a year. When her father was dying in September 1931, the Fitzgeralds returned to Alabama; after his death, Zelda went to a hospital in Baltimore and Scott went to Hollywood. While in the hospital, however, Zelda wrote a whole novel, Save Me The Waltz. The semi-autobiographical novel was her biggest work to date, but it infuriated Scott, who had planned to use some of the same material in his work. After Scott’s forced rewrites, the novel was published, but it was a commercial and critical failure; Scott also derided it. Zelda didn’t write another novel. Decline and Death By the 1930s, Zelda was spending most of her time in and out of mental institutions. She continued to produce paintings, which were tepidly received. In 1936, when Zelda seemingly disconnected from reality, Scott sent her to another hospital, this one in North Carolina. He then proceeded to have an affair in Hollywood with columnist Sheilah Graham, bitter about how his marriage to Zelda had turned out. By 1940, though, Zelda had made enough progress to be released. She and Scott never saw each other again, but they corresponded until his sudden death in December 1940. After his death, it was Zelda who became an advocate for Scott’s unfinished novel The Last Tycoon. She was inspired and began working on another novel, but her mental health declined again and she returned to the North Carolina hospital. In 1948, a fire broke out at the hospital, and Zelda, in a locked room awaiting an electroshock therapy session, did not escape. She died at the age of 47 and was buried alongside Scott. Posthumous Discovery The Fitzgeralds had been on the decline when they died, but interest quickly revived, and they became immortalized as the icons of the Jazz Age. In 1970, historian Nancy Milford wrote a biography of Zelda that suggested she had been every bit as talented as Scott, but had been held back by him. The book became a bestseller and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, and it heavily influenced future perceptions of Zelda. Save Me The Waltz subsequently saw a revival as well, with scholars analyzing it on the same level as Scott’s novels. Zelda’s collected writings, including the novel, were compiled and published in 1991, and even her paintings have been re-appraised in the modern era. Several fictional works have depicted her life, including several books and a TV series, Z: The Beginning of Everything. Although perceptions continue to evolve, the Fitzgerald legacy – of which Zelda is most definitely a huge part – has become deeply engrained in American popular culture.   Sources: Cline, Sally.  Zelda Fitzgerald: Her Voice in Paradise. Arcade Publishing, New York, 2003.Milford, Nancy. Zelda: A Biography. Harper Row, 1970.Zelazko, Alicja. Zelda Fitzgerald: American Writer and Artist. Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zelda-Fitzgerald.

Social media effects on social & personal behaviors Research Paper

Social media effects on social & personal behaviors - Research Paper Example Increased use of social media in the education will improve students’ social and personal behaviors. Social media is the new mode of communication as well as education. Students of all ages and levels of education have been deeply engrossed with using the different social media to carry out research on school assignments and to communicate with their fellow classmates and their professors. The professors and tutors are also using the platforms to contact their students as far as educational matters are concerned. The continued use of the social media has led to more positive changes in the social and personal behaviors of the students than the negative ones and the research findings indicates that more positive effects can influence the use of social media. It is important to look into more detail about these positive and negative effects of social media use in education because its use is on the increase. Addressing these issues will enable those in the educational field to g et tips on how to engage their students more efficiently and effectively, as well as to assist students to interact and to enhance their classroom skills. Positive effects will be collaborative interaction, communicate with an instructors and peers, and create positive environment in school, whereas the negative effects will include cyber-bullying, stalking, and creating a negative environment in education.

Energy Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Energy Issues - Essay Example It exists in many forms, such as, light, heat, electrical, kinetic, sound, thermal energy, elastic, gravitational, potential energy, mechanical energy, and many others. The fact with the energy is that it remains constant; even while transforming it into other forms. This principal is known as conservation of energy. Over time, energy is transformed and used for several purposes. For example, use of energy as fuel for transportation, use of electricity for domestic and commercial use, use of power in the industrial sector, use of nuclear power, and so many others. However, massive use of energy has created many energy issues which are affecting the environmental conditions of the globe and also affecting the human health. Some of the major energy issues would be highlighted in this reflective paper along with their affect on the environment by using daily life examples for the convenience of the readers. (Gallup, Frank Newport; 2006, p104) The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is situated in the north Alaskan coast (United States) with 80,000 kilometers of area, and has been an ongoing political controversial platform between the Democrats and Republicans since the year 1977. The question lies here is to decide whether to start drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge or not According to the researchers, this area comprises of massive oil reforms, whereas the opposing group is against this decision since it could affect the wildlife breed in this area if oil drilling is allowed by the government. According to the estimate by the USGS, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is capable enough to produce 5.7 billion to 16 billion barrels of crude oil and natural gas which could be very beneficial for the economy of the United States. But on the other hand, the security wildlife present in this area cannot be guaranteed due to the constructive drilling work for the oil reforms. This has c reated a debate between the groups and controversy for the government since the government is unable to decide whether to go in favor f the drilling or to go against it. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Oil drilling would bring many monetary benefits to the people and the economic state of the country. It would increase job opportunities, working and business opportunities for individuals and companies. It would also attract the attention of foreign investment in the region, while giving a competitive edge to the economy of the country. Nonetheless, the oil drilling would help in lowering the high oil and fuel prices for the public. Not only this, but it would also reduce the cumulative net expenditures on the

Football as an Intramural Essay Example for Free

Football as an Intramural Essay Abstract Intramural sports present a fun way for students to spend their time at school, and provide an excellent opportunity to introduce themselves in the new world of college. Students get the chance to meet new people by playing against them in various sports such as softball, volleyball, and basketball. These sports are also co-ed, meaning that men and women can play on the same teams or against one another. Intramurals is also a great way to improve attendance or boost student’s motivation to improve their grades. However, there is only a select variety of options for sports. Most of the sports would fall under women’s sports, with their being softball over baseball and volleyball over football. There aren’t many options for men to get involved in intramurals with no men’s sports to play. Adding one sport that’s a men’s sport will give men more options in participating in intramurals. The addition of football may be what this school needs to get more people involved in intramural sports at Alexandria Technical and Community College (ATCC). With a chance for more men to participate, and more women to get involved in men’s sports, it’s a sport that cannot fail if the right conditions are met. Too much contact could be an issue, but if it were even touch football (2-hand touch), there wouldn’t be very many problems. Adding football to ATCC intramurals is what this school needs to not only offer more options for students, but to help attendance and boost student motivation to improve grades. It will be beneficial for the school, and fun for the students. 1. 0 Introduction Alexandria Technical and Community College is a great place to get to know other students. One of the ways to meet the students is by joining their intramural sports and getting on teams that compete against the other teams of the school. 1. 1 Problem With having intramural sports comes the privilege of choosing what you want to do with your time. However, there are not many options for intramural sports. There is softball and volleyball, just to name a couple, but not many options for the students. This may be why there are a lot of ATCC students not participating in intramurals. We believe that the addition of one particular sport will attract more students, and that sport is football. 2. 0 Discussion 2. 1 Benefits to ATCC One of the main focuses of ATCC is to get their students involved in the school and the community. One of the ways they stride for this goal is to encourage students to join in intramurals. Our idea is that if football is added to the intramural list, it may bring in more students to participate in intramural sports, and bring more students together. 2. 2 Benefits to Students According to the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Proposition 48, students who participate in school activities and sports must maintain a GPA of 2. 0 on a 4. 0 scale [ (Begnaud, 2007) ]. With that being said, this would prove that students who participate in extracurricular activities would have to motivate themselves and push themselves to maintain a high enough GPA to still participate. This motivation would be beneficial to students, and with more students wanting to play football, this would motivate more students to succeed in school. So now the question is, â€Å"How do you know football is a popular sport? † Well, according to studies done by many colleges such as MSU Moorhead, football has been ranked the number one popular sport in the United States [ (Walter) ]. This means that given the choice, football would be the top pick for the majority of the nation. With that being said, if football is added to intramurals then students would choose it for their intramural and would be motivated to do well in school to be able to participate in intramurals. Figure 1. 1 2. 3 Effects on Attendance As was stated in section 2. 1, students would be more likely to do good in school because they must maintain a GPA of at least a 2. 0 on a 4. 0 scale. If students are to good in school, they must attend school and do well. Attendance is important to do good in school, so intramurals must effect attendance, right? This can be proven if the rules of the NCAA Proposition 48 are followed. 2. 4 Effects on Grades Again, the NCAA Proposition 48 proves that sports do have a major impact on grades, but only because they have to. Students must do good in school if they want to participate in intramurals. Figure 1. 2 2. 5 Right to Give Students a Choice in Sports According to the Constitution, we all have the right to free speech (Amendment 1). If this is true, then it should also give us all the right to a vote. So shouldn’t students be able to vote on whether or not to include football in intramurals? In addition to that, students should also have the right to vote on whether or not to choose if they want to play football as their intramural if it is added to intramurals. The point to be made here is that we all have a right to vote, so we feel that there should be a vote at ATCC on whether or not to add football to the list of intramurals. Our voices should be heard if there is something that we truly believe will benefit the people and the school better. 2. 6 Comparison to Schools with Football as an Intramural Sport It is very difficult to compare ATCC with other schools with intramural sports, and especially since ATCC doesn’t have football as an intramural. However, according to the following website, these are the community colleges that do include football as a sport of choice: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_community_college_football_programs This website gives all of the schools that have football as a sport of choice. On this list, some of the schools are also listed on the list of the top community colleges in the US. ATCC ranked #8 on the list, while St. Paul College ranked #1, and they do have football as a sport [ (Washington Monthly, 2010) ]. So, could football actually help our students do better in school? It appears that it could, since 57% of all men in colleges played football [ (Heinlien, 2007) ]. 3. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, due to the facts given in the above sections, we believe that students should be able to participate in a vote for football as an intramural at ATCC. Also, whether the vote happens or not, football should be added to the intramural list to improve student participation, and to improve not only attendance, but grades too. 4. 0 Appendix 5. 0 Glossary Intramural-involving only students in the same school or college. That’s the only word we feel the need to define 6. 0. Works Cited Begnaud, B. (2007, February 15). The Effect of Athletic Involvement on GPA. Retrieved November 28, 2012, from Yahoo Answers: http://voices. yahoo. com/the-effect-athletic-involvement-gpa-benefits-201277. html? cat=25 Heinlien, E. (2007, October 28). The Benefits of Intramural Sports. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from Helium: http://www. helium. com/items/670511-the-benefits-of-intramural-sports Mueller, J. (2012, February 16). Do Sports Have an Affect on GPA. Retrieved November 29, 2012, from Stat Crunch: http://www. statcrunch. com/5. 0/viewreport. php? reportid=23966 Walter, T. (n. d. ). How Do Professional Sports in the US Rank in Popularity. Retrieved December 1, 2012, from Wiki Answers: http://wiki. answers. com/Q/How_do_professional_sports_in_the_US_rank_in_popularity Washington Monthly. (2010). College Guide. Retrieved December 1, 2012, from Washington Monthly: http://www. washingtonmonthly. com/college_guide/rankings_2010/community_colleges. php.

Sometimes A Shining Moment :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book Sometimes a Shining Moment: Eliot Wiginton had a student that talked about a teacher who takes time to recognize students as an individual and not just part of a group. The student went on to say â€Å"I had one particular teacher that I would never forget. Once when the teacher gave back an essay I found that she had complimented my essay, the topic, and even me.† I had a teacher that that was just like the teacher that one of the juniors or seniors had. The teacher that I remember the best was my twelfth grade English teacher, Mrs. Oehler was a type of teacher that always involved every one in the class discussion. She took the time to realize me as a individual and not just a student that showed up for her class every day. Every day when I went to class I was excited to be their. We never knew what Mrs. Oehler had up her sleeve, but we knew that we would have a good time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I showed up at room 124 on the first day of class I did not know what to expect. You see I never had Mrs. Oehler in my previous three years of high school. I thought she would be a nice person to have as teacher, but I never knew that she would be the best teacher that I ever had. I first noticed that Mrs. Oehler was a special kind of person when she came over to my desk and out of the clear blue she asked me about my story I was writing for her class. I was surprised to here her say â€Å"so Matt how do you like you story so far†. She did not ask any body else in the class, just me. It was those little things that she did that impressed me. She always made time in class for each and every one of us to state our opinion about the days topic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some days when we were reading a story she would turn it into a theatrical performance. She always keep us interested in what we were reading, and turned an ordinary assignment that would of been boring with any other teacher into a fun and rewarding experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We read the Adromenal Strain a story that dealt with a deadly virus from outer space and the use of the atomic bomb to rid the earth of this deadly infection. Our class was mixed with different emotions about using the atomic bomb. We discussed the effects and devastation that the bomb could bring and

Public Fiscal Administration Essay

Fiscal Institutions and Fiscal Performance shifts emphasis away from narrow economic factors to more broadly defined political and institutional factors that affect government policy and national debt. This collection brings together new theoretical models, empirical evidence, and a series of in-depth case studies to analyze the effect of political institutions, fiscal regulations, and policy decisions on accumulating deficits. It provides a fascinating overview of the political and economic issues involved and highlights the role of budgetary institutions in the formation of budget deficits. While our roundtable considered differences between two states as points of departure, we believe the principles identified in our exchanges apply to other state environments as well. In fact, a major objective of this paper is to encourage other states to consider these questions in light of their own policies and performance. These are the key questions our roundtable participants suggested that any state should ask as it seeks to improve the performance of its higher education institutions in advancing public priorities. 1. To what extent has a state defined the public purposes it expects higher education institutions to help accomplish? Are the purposes a state seeks to achieve through its colleges and universities clearly articulated? Do institutional leaders and policymakers share a common understanding of those purposes? A first step for any state that seeks to improve the performance of its higher education system is to pose and publicly debate a core set of questions concerning that system: What is the rationale that justifies a state’s spending for institutional appropriation, capital construction, or financial aid? Is that rationale clearly defined? Is it consciously examined, debated, and reaffirmed at regular intervals in the arenas of public policy? Or have the arguments that justify a state’s expenditures for higher education become vestiges of a distant past, subject to differing memories and interpretations? A state needs the political will to set the public agenda-to form ulate clear definitions of the public purposes it expects higher education institutions to help attain. As the needs of society itself evolve, the ends a state seeks to achieve through its colleges and universities can also change. For this reason, the question of higher education’s role in advancing the public weal needs to be  revisited periodically. At the same time, a state needs to assess how well the policies and programs currently in place actually achieve their intended goals. In the absence of such periodic reviews, states tend to increase their expectations of higher education institutions-to add new expectations-without considering how the new expectations relate to those in place from an earlier time. States must also work to maintain a balance between the evolution of their own public purposes on the one hand and the evolution of institutional goals on the other. A state that allows unspoken and implicit priorities to prevail over principles that are publicly debated and affirmed effectively accords more autonomy to institutions in pursuing their own directions. Ultimately, states that do not articulate their purposes may find themselves maintaining institutions for reasons that are increasingly vague and ambiguous. 2. How well do a state’s fiscal appropriation practices align with the mandates of its higher education policies? What combination of policy mandate and incentives is most effective in motivating institutions toward the achievement of public purposes? Providing a rationale and framework for supporting higher education institutions is half the task confronting state policymakers. Through a combination of statutory authority and resource allocation, a state must work to ensure that institutions fulfill the public purposes its policymakers have identified. The authority of educational policy derives from the constitutional power of a state’s elected representatives. While respecting the operational flexibility of higher education institutions, these officials help determine institutional priorities by establishing state policies. Beyond the mandate of policy, however, a state must be willing to appropriate the resources needed to achieve given purposes. A state’s budgetary appropriation to institutions is a most telling statement of public policy with regard to higher education; by the amount and the kind of funding it provides, a state sends an explicit or implicit signal about its priorities for higher education. For reasons beyond its control, a state may sometimes fail to provide sufficient funding for institutions to carry out its public purposes to the extent or at the level of quality it desires. While unforeseen shortfalls in the budget are inevitable in some years, a state that systematically underfunds its higher education system loses some ability to influence institutions in terms of quality or direction. Ultimately, a state and its higher education system need to define what constitutes a reasonable exchange of product for price. While some institutions prefer formula-driven or incremental increases in the funding they receive, public officials have occasionally sought to link a portion of an institution’s funding to the achievement of a particular objective, such as enrollment, retention, or degree completion. A state must exercise caution to ensure that the funding incentives it establishes in fact motivate the behaviors it desires in institutions. The international perspective of our roundtable provided a telling example of the need for policymakers to ensure that the fulfillment of a public purpose falls within the interests of institutions themselves. South Africa, until recently, used the technique of penalizing institutions whose students did not achieve acceptable levels of performance. Rather than spurring institutions to foster heightened achievement in their existing student bodies, this policy often caused higher education institutions to seek higher-achieving students in order to avoid incurring penalty, in effect heightening the barriers to access for many students. The country is now finalizing a new funding system with incentives to institutions that improve the performance of lower-achieving students. Fiscal strategy is not the only means by which a state can influence institutional behavior. If designed carefully, with an awareness of what motivates institutions, however, the alignment of funding with the achievement of public purposes can be an effective means of improving a state’s higher education performance. 3. To what extent do a state’s tuition and financial aid policies contribute to increased higher education participation and completion? The amount of tuition charged at public institutions, in addition to state programs of financial aid and assistance, are central elements of a state’s fiscal policy. It sometimes occurs that a state’s public officials have not formulated an explicit policy regarding tuition, and in such instances, the very lack of specificity constitutes a policy decision. A primary lesson from the AIHEPS research and from experience in many other settings is the importance of need-based programs of financial aid and assistance to foster higher education participation and completion among the most needy. Financial aid is the area in which a state’s higher education policy intersects most substantially with federal programs; the kinds of financial aid a state  makes available in conjunction with Pell Grants and other federal aid programs define the contours of affordability for students in that setting. Both New Jersey and New Mexico exemplify a strong commitment to access, and both take substantial steps to ensure that financial need does not become a barrier to enrolling and completing a degree program in a college or university. In addition to its need-based programs of financial aid, New Mexico’s commitment to access results in a remarkably low tuition at the state’s public institutions of higher education. The experience of many state policy environments makes clear, however, that low tuition in itself does not guarantee access for students. Particularly in sparsely populated settings, where higher education institutions may be a considerable distance from a student’s home, the decision to attend college entails a number of financial commitments that low tuition in itself cannot help a student to meet. Need-based financial aid is a critical element for any state that seeks to enhance the participation of students who have limited financial means. One of the most notable developments during the past several years is the growth in programs that award aid on the basis of academic merit without regard for financial need. Georgia’s merit-based program of financial aid, Helping Outsta nding Pupils Educationally (HOPE), has proven to be a model for similar programs in other states. In New Mexico, the merit-based Lottery Success Scholarship Program has become enormously popular with voters, policymakers, and institutions alike. As with many other aspects of public policy, merit-based programs of financial aid tend to provide greatest benefit to members of the middle class. No elected public official can fail to perceive the political benefit of programs that are popular with the largest block of voters in a state. Merit-based aid programs exemplify a different policy objective from that of providing financial assistance to the most needy. A state’s motivation in providing such aid is to encourage more of its highest-achieving students to remain in the state-first by enrolling in its higher education institutions, and then, ideally, by choosing to live and work in the state after graduation, thus enhancing a state’s educational capital. Merit-based programs have certainly succeeded in attracting more of the highest-achieving students to pursue their baccalaureate degrees in their home state; in doing so, they have relieved many high-achieving, mostly middle-class students and their parents of  substantial costs they might otherwise have incurred in attending institutions out of state. Students of this type tend to have considerable mobility after graduation, however, and it is less clear whether merit-based programs encourage more of them to remain in a state after completing their degrees. Much of the controversy centers on the question of whether a state’s investment in merit-based financial aid occurs at the expense of its commitment to need-based aid. Most of those states that have invested in merit-based programs of aid during the past several years did not have strong historical commitments to need-based aid. In those cases, the introduction of merit-based aid has done no harm to students with greater financial need; in fact, some needy students have benefited because they qualify for the merit-based programs. In states that have begun to blend merit-based with need-based commitments, however, it often appears that the appeal of merit aid has diminished the perception of importance attached to need-based programs. Beyond the obvious political popularity of merit-based aid, a state must ask whether such programs yield a long-term benefit of encouraging more of the best and brightest to remain in the state as workers and citizens. If the answer is no, the question then becomes whether the dollars expended in merit-based programs might be more effectively spent enhancing programs that enable more of those with greatest financial ne ed to attend college. 4. What role does the state interface agency-typically either a higher education governing or coordinating board-play to ensure that a state’s higher education institutions contribute effectively to the achievement of public purposes? To what extent is institutional mission a factor in determining the responsibilities of institutions in fulfilling public purposes? Nearly every state in the United States has one or more agencies that serve as intermediaries between a state’s lawmakers and its higher education institutions. The level of authority vested in a state interface agency varies: some states have a governing board with regulatory authority over public institutions, others a coordinating board that serves in primarily steering and oversight capacities. The notable exception to this rule is the four-year sector in Michigan, which has no formal interface agency. Michigan’s public universities rely on a council of presidents to achieve a unified approach in de aling with the state’s lawmakers. While presidents of four-year universities stand in accord on many issues, each  institution appeals individually to the Legislature and governor in the state’s budget process, and the amount of funding each institution receives is a direct function of its historical allocation, modestly adjusted by lobbying efforts. A state higher education interface agency can help reduce the inherent competition among public colleges and universities. In addition, an effective governing or coordinating board can play a vital role in making a state’s system of higher education more efficient, more successful, and more accountable in terms of educational performance. The interface agency itself must be accountable both to the public purposes a state has defined and to the needs of higher education institutions within the system it serves. An effective interface agency can encourage collaboration among institutions; it can work in behalf of all colleges and universities to influence s tate government; and it can gather and provide information that documents changes in performance. One of the key roles a governing or coordinating board plays is that of providing information that influences decision making both in state government and in individual institutions. The information disseminated by an interface agency can contribute substantially to the effectiveness of the state’s higher education system, helping to sustain the interest of institutional leaders and policymakers in performance. The periodic distribution of comparative data helps sharpen and renew public officials’ understanding of the purposes a state seeks to achieve through its higher education institutions, while also reminding institutional leaders of the criteria that measure an institution’s performance. Indeed, the international perspective of the AIHEPS project makes clear that the presence or absence of information in a given environment is itself a policy issue. One of the major differences between higher education environments in the United States and Mexico is the availability of information for evaluative or strategic purposes. In Mexico, the scarcity of information and the fact that most data are controlled by institutions often impede the work of improving the performance of higher education systems. While the gathering and distribution of information are important functions of an interface agency, these roles in themselves will not ensure improvement in the performance of a state’s higher education system. An interface agency cannot be effective if it is a political weakling; it needs some measure of authority to motivate the behavior of  institutions toward desired ends, whether in the form of incentives or simply the consistent support of sensible decisions by the governor and Legislature. Certainly, the amount of resources available to an interface agency is an important part of the equation; no statewide board can hope to be effective if it lacks sufficient funding and staff. Ideally, the effectiveness of an interface agency rests on its power to influence elected policymakers and to craft policies and incentives that make the achievement of a state’s policy goals fall within the self-interest of institutions themselves. The interface agency often plays a central role in devising appropriate measures of institutional accountability that help to ensure compliance with a state’s policy objectives for higher education. Even though expenditures for higher education now constitute a smaller share of state budgets, state support of higher education has grown in real dollars during the past two decades, and public officials naturally seek to ensure that the dollars invested yield discernible results. In some settings, a state’s drive for institutional accountability has led to confrontations over such matters as faculty productivity or the assessment of student learning. The interface agency plays a critical role in any successful effort to conjoin public officials’ press for accountability with higher education’s traditions of autonomy in the means of fulfilling its educational mission. An interface agency can help create accountability measures that provide a meaningful index of progress in meeting a state’s goals for higher education. It can also ensure that credible reports of performance reach legislators and the general public on a timely basis. A state governing or co ordinating board is by definition an agency that provides both support of and guidance to institutions as they pursue their individual strategic goals. Governing boards of individual colleges and universities can easily become captives of an institution’s own ambitions, advocating those particular interests even at the expense of achieving broader state policy objectives. While affording institutions some measure of protection from the fluctuations of state politics, the interface agency helps ensure that individual institutions evolve in directions that are consistent with state policy goals. One of the issues an interface agency can help address is the degree to which institutional mission should be a factor in the question of accountability to a state’s public purposes.  Successful degree completion, for example, is a goal that has meaning to every higher education institution. But should every institution be held equally accountable to a single graduation rate? Because institutions with different missions may serve different kinds of student populations, holding every institution equally accountable to a particular measure may prove neither efficient nor desirable. At the same time, institutional mission can easily come to reflect an institution’s aspiration to grow in directions that do not meet the greatest public need. Just as a state’s expectations of higher education change over time, mission often becomes a moving target, changing to accommodate the institution’s internally driven goals-such as implementing more selective undergraduate admissions, establishing graduate programs, or expanding sponsored research programs-even if those purposes are fulfilled elsewhere in a state’s higher education system. The interface agency plays a critical role in facilitating a sustained interaction between a state’s policymakers and its higher education institutions. In so doing, it helps ensure the continued strength and adaptability of policies to which all institutions are held accountable. No higher education institution that benefits from public funding should get an automatic â€Å"pass† on its obligation to help fulfill the public agenda, but a state should not expect every institution to achieve particular purposes in the same way. Finally, it is fitting that a state should seek to hold institutions accountable for the â€Å"what† but certainly not the â€Å"how† of achieving public purposes. 5. What steps has a state taken to build the infrastructure and encourage higher education institutions to collaborate-with one another, with K-12 schools, with business and industry-in order to foster the goal of improved preparation as well as economic development? State policymakers play a key role in creating an environment that fosters collaboration between higher education institutions and other agents in areas that effect economic and civic vitality. As major stakeholders, colleges and universities contribute to and depend on the educational and economic well-being of a state’s population. The development of more concerted partnerships between these institutions and K-12 schools is a key element in improving students’ preparation for higher education study-and ultimately in increasing the number of students who pursue postsecondary education. By the same token, higher education’s partnerships with business and industry can contribute  substantially to th e benefits that a higher education confers. States in attractive geographic locations with fair climates can reap an educational and economic advantage simply because they draw many of the best and brightest from other settings. States that do not enjoy this advantage, however, must develop strategies to encourage higher education institutions to work with schools and other agencies, helping to maximize both college participation and the economic benefits higher education provides to a state’s population. Colleges and universities have the capacity to improve both measures by working in conjunction with a state’s primary and secondary schools as their principal supplier of students, as well as with business leaders, who employ substantial numbers of their graduates. A state’s most promising strategy in fostering collaboration is to create a framework and statewide incentives that help coordinate local initiatives. In this, as in other dimensions of achieving a state’s public purposes, the levers of policy can help make collaboration with other stakeholders seem to be in the best interests of higher education institutions themselves. Part of a state’s challenge in promoting collaboration between higher education and K-12 institutions is to overcome substantial cultural barriers that exist between the two domains. Finally, the incentives a state creates for increased collaboration must be built on both sides, so that public schools and higher education institutions find their own interests served by working together. In general, it is community colleges as well as comprehensive universities with strong commitments to training teachers that are most highly attuned to the challenges of K-12 schools, and to the evolving set of skills that business and industry leaders seek in their workforce. It is also true that the more numerous the expectations a state places on its higher education institutions, the easier it becomes for institutions to escape responsibility for those goals they find less conducive to their own ambitions. States must create conditions that make it compelling for higher education institutions to work with K-12 schools in improving students’ preparation for college. Equally important is a state’s role in fostering institutional partnerships with business and industry to help maximize the benefits that higher education confers to a state’s residents. If institutions choose not to participate in the achievement of such purposes, states must devise means of encou raging compliance. A state that lacks the  means or the will to define and pursue its public priorities effectively accords its public institutions open license to pursue goals of their own choosing, with minimal regard to a state’s public purposes.

Literature Review A Research Essay - 1741 Words

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